A list of lists, or an array of an array if you would,
is just a regular old array @LoL that you can get at with two
subscripts, like $LoL[3][2]. Here's a declaration of the array:
# assign to our array a list of list references
@LoL = (
[ "fred", "barney" ],
[ "george", "jane", "elroy" ],
[ "homer", "marge", "bart" ],
);
print $LoL[2][2]; bart
Now you should be very careful that the outer bracket type is a round one, that is, parentheses. That's because you're assigning to an @list, so you need parentheses. If you wanted there not to be an @LoL, but rather just a reference to it, you could do something more like this:
# assign a reference to list of list references
$ref_to_LoL = [
[ "fred", "barney", "pebbles", "bambam", "dino", ],
[ "homer", "bart", "marge", "maggie", ],
[ "george", "jane", "alroy", "judy", ],
];
print $ref_to_LoL->[2][2];
Notice that the outer bracket type has changed, and so our access syntax has also changed. That's because unlike
C, in perl you can't freely interchange arrays and references thereto. $ref_to_LoL is a reference to an array, whereas @LoL is an array proper. Likewise,
$LoL[2] is not an array, but an array ref. So how come you can write these:
$LoL[2][2]
$ref_to_LoL->[2][2]
instead of having to write these:
$LoL[2]->[2]
$ref_to_LoL->[2]->[2]
Well, that's because the rule is that on adjacent brackets only (whether
square or curly), you are free to omit the pointer dereferencing arrow. But
you cannot do so for the very first one if it's a scalar containing a
reference, which means that $ref_to_LoL always needs it.
First, let's look at reading it in from a file. This is something like
adding a row at a time. We'll assume that there's a flat file in which each
line is a row and each word an element. If you're trying to develop an
@LoL list containing all these, here's the right way to do
that:
while (<>) {
@tmp = split;
push @LoL, [ @tmp ];
}
You might also have loaded that from a function:
for $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
$LoL[$i] = [ somefunc($i) ];
}
Or you might have had a temporary variable sitting around with the list in it.
for $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
@tmp = somefunc($i);
$LoL[$i] = [ @tmp ];
}
It's very important that you make sure to use the [] list reference constructor. That's because this will be very wrong:
$LoL[$i] = @tmp;
You see, assigning a named list like that to a scalar just counts the number of elements in @tmp, which probably isn't what you want.
If you are running under use strict, you'll have to add some declarations to make it happy:
use strict;
my(@LoL, @tmp);
while (<>) {
@tmp = split;
push @LoL, [ @tmp ];
}
Of course, you don't need the temporary array to have a name at all:
while (<>) {
push @LoL, [ split ];
}
You also don't have to use push. You could just make a direct
assignment if you knew where you wanted to put it:
my (@LoL, $i, $line);
for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
$line = <>;
$LoL[$i] = [ split ' ', $line ];
}
or even just
my (@LoL, $i);
for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
$LoL[$i] = [ split ' ', <> ];
}
You should in general be leery of using potential list functions in a scalar context without explicitly stating such. This would be clearer to the casual reader:
my (@LoL, $i);
for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
$LoL[$i] = [ split ' ', scalar(<>) ];
}
If you wanted to have a $ref_to_LoL variable as a reference to
an array, you'd have to do something like this:
while (<>) {
push @$ref_to_LoL, [ split ];
}
Actually, if you were using strict, you'd have to declare not only
$ref_to_LoL as you had to declare @LoL, but you'd also having to initialize it to a reference to an empty list. (This was a bug in
perl version 5.001m that's been fixed for the 5.002 release.)
my $ref_to_LoL = [];
while (<>) {
push @$ref_to_LoL, [ split ];
}
Ok, now you can add new rows. What about adding new columns? If you're dealing with just matrices, it's often easiest to use simple assignment:
for $x (1 .. 10) {
for $y (1 .. 10) {
$LoL[$x][$y] = func($x, $y);
}
}
for $x ( 3, 7, 9 ) {
$LoL[$x][20] += func2($x);
}
It doesn't matter whether those elements are already there or not: it'll gladly create them for you, setting intervening elements to undef as need be.
If you wanted just to append to a row, you'd have to do something a bit funnier looking:
# add new columns to an existing row
push @{ $LoL[0] }, "wilma", "betty";
Notice that I couldn't say just:
push $LoL[0], "wilma", "betty"; # WRONG!
In fact, that wouldn't even compile. How come? Because the argument to
push must be a real array, not just a reference to such.
print $LoL[0][0];
If you want to print the whole thing, though, you can't say
print @LoL; # WRONG
because you'll get just references listed, and perl will never
automatically dereference things for you. Instead, you have to roll
yourself a loop or two. This prints the whole structure, using the
shell-style for construct to loop across the outer set of
subscripts.
for $aref ( @LoL ) {
print "\t [ @$aref ],\n";
}
If you wanted to keep track of subscripts, you might do this:
for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
print "\t elt $i is [ @{$LoL[$i]} ],\n";
}
or maybe even this. Notice the inner loop.
for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
for $j ( 0 .. $#{$LoL[$i]} ) {
print "elt $i $j is $LoL[$i][$j]\n";
}
}
As you can see, it's getting a bit complicated. That's why sometimes is easier to take a temporary on your way through:
for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
$aref = $LoL[$i];
for $j ( 0 .. $#{$aref} ) {
print "elt $i $j is $LoL[$i][$j]\n";
}
}
Hmm... that's still a bit ugly. How about this:
for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
$aref = $LoL[$i];
$n = @$aref - 1;
for $j ( 0 .. $n ) {
print "elt $i $j is $LoL[$i][$j]\n";
}
}
Here's how to do one operation using a loop. We'll assume an
@LoL variable as before.
@part = ();
$x = 4;
for ($y = 7; $y < 13; $y++) {
push @part, $LoL[$x][$y];
}
That same loop could be replaced with a slice operation:
@part = @{ $LoL[4] } [ 7..12 ];
but as you might well imagine, this is pretty rough on the reader.
Ah, but what if you wanted a two-dimensional slice, such as having $x run from 4..8 and $y run from 7 to 12?
Hmm... here's the simple way:
@newLoL = ();
for ($startx = $x = 4; $x <= 8; $x++) {
for ($starty = $y = 7; $x <= 12; $y++) {
$newLoL[$x - $startx][$y - $starty] = $LoL[$x][$y];
}
}
We can reduce some of the looping through slices
for ($x = 4; $x <= 8; $x++) {
push @newLoL, [ @{ $LoL[$x] } [ 7..12 ] ];
}
If you were into Schwartzian Transforms, you would probably have selected map for that
@newLoL = map { [ @{ $LoL[$_] } [ 7..12 ] ] } 4 .. 8;
Although if your manager accused of seeking job security (or rapid insecurity) through inscrutable code, it would be hard to argue. :-) If I were you, I'd put that in a function:
@newLoL = splice_2D( \@LoL, 4 => 8, 7 => 12 );
sub splice_2D {
my $lrr = shift; # ref to list of list refs!
my ($x_lo, $x_hi,
$y_lo, $y_hi) = @_;
return map {
[ @{ $lrr->[$_] } [ $y_lo .. $y_hi ] ]
} $x_lo .. $x_hi;
}
perldata, perlref, perldsc
Last udpate: Sat Oct 7 19:35:26 MDT 1995